Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are expected to be effective for refractory cancer because their mechanism of action differs from that of conventional antineoplastic agents. In this study, we ...

As many as 50 percent of human cancer cases -- across a wide variety of tissues -- involve defects in a common cellular growth signaling pathway. These defects have so far defied most attempts to ...

Ras mutations occur as an early event in many human tumours of epithelial origin, including thyroid. Using primary human thyroid epithelial cells to model tumour initiation by Ras, we have shown ...

Spinal deformities such as scoliosis and kyphosis are among the most serious complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder that affects about one in 3,000 people. These ...

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks are essential for the transmission of extracellular signals into appropriate intracellular responses. Prototypical MAPK activation implements a ...