Relays usually are driven using optocouplers, which offer isolation between analog and digital grounds to ensure that switching currents in the relay coils do not affect the noise margin of the ...

This simple temperature relay circuit can be used to signal a fire or setpoint for temperature monitoring function. You need to adjust P1 so that T1’s base voltage is 0.5V smaller than the emitter ...

The real core of engineering, in addition to technical expertise, is the ability to articulate the inevitable tradeoffs and pros/cons of design alternatives, and then weigh these relative to each ...