Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together in molecules through shared electrons. The rules governing bonding and the shapes of molecules are often thought to be absolute. Geometries of double ...

In 1923, the year C&EN was born, Gilbert N. Lewis of the University of California, Berkeley, published a book titled “Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules.” In the text, Lewis laid out the ...

Currently, californium is the heaviest element that exists on Earth, and is the last member of the actinide series with an isotope long-lived enough for work to be carried out in a standard ...

Chemical bonding enables scientists to take the 100-plus elements of the periodic table and combine them in myriad ways to form chemical compounds and materials. The success rate is pretty good, as ...

Try these interactive flashcards based on GCSE chemistry past papers. By working your way through the flashcards created by experts, you can prepare for your chemistry exams and make your revision ...