While choosing an op-amp buffer, some sources of negative supply were considered, because the buffer op-amp had to provide true zero voltage on its output. In reality, a typical rail-to-rail output op ...

AF114 germanium transistors and related ones like the AF115 through AF117 were quite popular during the 1960s, but they quickly developed a reputation for failure. This is due to what should have made ...

There are 3 types of multivibrators: astable, monostable, and bistable. This astable multivibrator is an oscillator that generates rectangular pulses. It uses transistor switches and RC networks. The ...