There are three types of bicuspid aortic valves — types 0, 1, and 2. Experts classify these types based on whether the leaflets of the valve have fused to form a ridge. A bicuspid aortic valve is a ...

Bladder function is often compromised in juvenile patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV). In infancy, such abnormal bladder function is characterized by low compliance or overactivity, but ...

• The first step in selecting a valve is determining its function. • Review Cv or pressure drop when considering one valve versus another. • Don’t overlook maintenance requirements when specifying a ...

The development of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography together with improved understanding of the functional anatomy of the aortic valve have allowed the design of several new ...