1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

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New York Assembly Minority Leader Will Barclay has endorsed fellow Assembly Member Robert Smullen in Smullen’s bid to succeed U.S.Rep. Elise Stefanik in the 21st Congressional District. “His record of ...

The story so far: On December 15, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY) announced the launch of DHRUV64, an indigenous microprocessor that it said would strengthen the ...

The mystery serial killer would claim the lives of at least five victims and was in the midst of his protracted cat-and-mouse game with police and the media. He had at that stage attacked two young ...