FREQUENCY-MODULATION, or the technique of varying the frequency of radio waves for signalling purposes, has been known and used for many years ; but it was not until Armstrong in the United States in ...

Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) has emerged as a pivotal technique in modern atomic physics and optical metrology. By utilising the nonlinear interaction between a modulated pump beam and an ...

Modulation is the act of translating some low-frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the ...

Modern society is definitely more mobile than it was several decades ago. Accompanying the increased mobility is a corresponding craving for greater quantities of information. The increased demand has ...

Editor's Note: This is a multi-part excerpt from Agilent Technologies' Application Note: Mobile WiMAX PHY Layer (RF) Operation and Measurement. Part 1 of this article introduces the WiMAX standard and ...

Bacteria employ complex signaling networks for adaptive gene control in changing environments. Bacterial second messenger molecules such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) relay external environmental signals into ...