"Data As Of" refers to the Closing Sale. Volume is updated throughout the after hours market. Note: Daily closing values are valid as of 5:15 p.m. ET. Duplicate values disseminated after 5:15 p.m. ET.

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered ...