Abstract: In this work, we propose a robust water level sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The sensor head is formed by a cylindrical PVC cap with 4 cm diameter. The cap was filled with ...

Abstract: This article presents an optical sensing technique for estimating water-fill levels and stratification states inside closed plastic pipelines using multiwavelength visible light. Four LEDs ...

One of the major problems faced by most countries today is water scarcity. This scarcity is mainly due to the wastage of water. There is an urgent need to control water wastage to protect the ...

The romantic city of Venice is known by many names, including the floating city, the city of canals and even the Queen of the Adriatic. This city of water was built on dozens of tiny islands located ...