In the early days of the semiconductor industry, integrated circuits were designed by one or two engineers with slide-rules, hand-drawn on paper, and then given to a lithographer to print onto silicon ...

Computer Aided Design (CAD) has evolved from electronic versions of hand‐drawn sketches into comprehensive, multidimensional modelling environments that underpin modern engineering and manufacturing.

Phil Goldstein is a former web editor of the CDW family of tech magazines and a veteran technology journalist. He lives in Washington, D.C., with his wife and their animals: a dog named Brenna, and ...