Abstract: We examine the challenges to underwater vision that are caused by light refracting through both hemispherical and planar pressure housing interfaces. As light travels through water, into a ...

Abstract: Starlight refraction navigation is a very important method for spacecraft. Over the course of decades, starlight refraction navigation has developed a set of classical calculations. Among ...

THE Yerkes Observatory, which has recently been completed and inaugurated, contains in its instrumental equipment the largest refractor in the world, the diameter of the object-glass spanning 40 ...