Abstract: A spring in parallel with an effort source (e.g., electric motor or human muscle) can reduce its energy consumption and effort (i.e., torque or force) depending on the spring stiffness, ...

Testing products on animals became an industry standard in the cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries nearly a century ago. Since that time, it has become clear that these tests cause ...

Abstract: Radio frequency identification (RFID) system has been widely employed in warehouse management and supply logistics. A fundamental systematic functionality is to determine the presence or ...