The Black-Scholes model remains the 2026 gold standard for pricing trillions in derivatives. It uses five key data points: stock price, strike, time, interest rates, and volatility. This math-heavy ...

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Averages can summarize, but uncertainty explains. By giving uncertainty a language people can share, across teams, tools, and even AI systems, Savage's work creates space for clearer planning and more ...

Stochastic volatility is the unpredictable nature of asset price volatility over time. It's a flexible alternative to the Black Scholes' constant volatility assumption.

White noise is a random signal with equal power across frequencies, commonly heard as static, and widely used in acoustics ...

This study presents SynaptoGen, a differentiable extension of connectome models that links gene expression, protein-protein interaction probabilities, synaptic multiplicity, and synaptic weights, and ...

In the paper, on the basis of the notion of entropy of topological spaces, constructed quantum model of evolution of the Universe. In the class of cobordant Riemannian manifolds we built the discrete ...

Chances are, you’ve seen clicks to your website from organic search results decline since about May 2024—when AI Overviews launched. Large language model optimization (LLMO), a set of tactics for ...

This important work presents a stochastic branching process model of tumour-immune coevolution, incorporating stochastic antigenic mutation accumulation and escape within the cancer cell population.