IV vitamin therapy has surged in popularity, promoted by wellness clinics and concierge services offering everything from energy-boosting drips to hangover cures. The concept is simple: by bypassing ...

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) comprise 12 protein components, VirB1–VirB11 and VirD4. VirB2 forms a pilus and is co-purified with VirB5. VirB4, VirB11 and VirD4 are ATPases powering pilus assembly ...

Recent research supports the use of 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol swabs for IV and venipuncture site cleaning. A study published in the American Journal of Infection Control in 2021 concluded that ...